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SEMANTICS IS???

Let’s talk about linguistics

The 5^th discussion

Semantics

Definition

In Greek language, semantic is someion, it has mean “mark, sign”.

it is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relationship between signifiers—like words, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what they stand for, their denotation. Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used for understanding human expression through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics. In international scientific vocabulary semantics is also called semasiology.

The study of semantics is typically focused on such topics as the meaning of individual words (lexical semantics) and the ability of words to refer to points in time or individuals in the external world (deixis).

Grammatical vs. pragmatic meaning

At this level, we are within grammar, studying what is known as semantics: how words have individual meaning and can be used refer to entities in the external world. Semantics is one component of grammar, and is therefore part of our linguistics competence. As fish correctly observes, however, interpretation of a sentence goes beyond understanding its meaning at the level of grammar. We need to understand the entire social context in which a sentence was uttered, a different level of interpretation that is studied within pragmatic, which explores the role that context plays in the interpretation of what people say.

Sentence vs. utterance

Many people mistakenly think that complete sentences are the norm in both speech and writing. For example :

Speaker 1 : lots of people are roller skating lots of people do rollerblade (contain 2 grammatical sentences, “lots of people,”  and  a finite verb (are  and do, respectively).

Speaker 2 : just running around the city (don’t contain sentences. It contains a construction centered around  the verbal element running).

Speaker 3 : uh mainly in Golden Gate Park (preposition phrase).

Speech act theory

A speech act can be explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, and  literal or non-literal. If a speech act is explicit, it will contain a performative verb, a verb that names the speech act and has a very specific structure. However, in the form of an imperative sentence, a form conventionally associated with directive.

The cooperative principle

Grice purposed four maxims to explain how people cooperate when they speak Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.

Maxims of the cooperative principle

maxim	summary	Grice’s (1989) description
quantity	Don’t say too much; Don’t say too little	1.    Make your contribution as information as informative as is required 2.    Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
quality	Be truthful	1.    Don’t say what you believe to be false 2.    Don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence
relation	Stay on topic; don’t digress	Be relevant
manner	Make sure what you say is clear and unambiguous	1.    Avoid obscurity of expression 2.    Avoid ambiguity 3.    Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolix) 4.    Be orderly

Politeness

Polite usage language comes into play whenever speaker has the potential to produce a face threatening act (FTA), an utterance that undermines the tacit understanding that all language should preserve face.

Power relationships and social distance

In any social group, there will be differing power relationships among people. English has other titles used as honorifics (e.g. Miss, Ms, Sir, Madam, General, Colonel, President, Prime Minister, and Office) as well as terms of address that have very restricted uses, your hono(u)r, sir, and madam(which in Southern American English can be shortened to ma’am).

Sir and Madam are found in face-to-face conversations where speakers are disparates and the subordinate wants to show a high degree of deference to the other. These expressions are also found in the salutation of highly formal letters.

Level of impoliteness, face-threatening acts, and tact

While power relationship and social distance are important influences on levels of politeness that speakers of a language will use, and equally important consideration is the extent to which a speaker is willing to commit an FTA. Tact, according to Leech (1983: 109) hs two polarities:

Negative: minimize the cost to h

Positive: maximize the benefit to h

Other kinds of politeness

Tact is not only consideration motivating polite language usage. There are additional motivating factors as well.

Gratitude for favors (either accepted or declined) and compliments are typically expressed through variations of the lexeme thanks. In the examples below, gratitude for favors accepted is conveyed through use of the verb thank as well as the expressive thank you and thanks, often intensified with adverbials such as very much.

References

F. Meyer, Charles. 2009. Introducing English Linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Chaedar Alwasilah, A. 2011. Linguistik Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Angkasa.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics

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LEXICOLOGY (BY DYOFICA)

Let’s Talk About Linguistics

The 5^th  Discussion

Lexicology

Definition of Lexicology :

Lexicology is from Greek language, “lexicon” which is branch of linguistics and discusses about words, amongst others meaning "speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason".

Actually, Morphology and Lexicilogy have a same role. That’s, discuss about words, meaning of the words, but both of them have difference. Where, Lexicology tells about meaning of words as literally, while Morphology tells about meaning of words as grammatically.

Lexical Word

Lexical word is base words that usually well-known as base unit of vocabulary, dictionary, syntax, and base unit for all part of languages. This lexical word in Linguistics Literature is well-known lexeme.

Lexical Structure Pattern

a.   Polysemy

A lexeme  can has some of meanings. This relation is called polysemy, it’s mean “many meanings”.

e.g. :

table :  can be “desk” or “list”. It’s depend on the sentence.

b.   Synonym

Some of different lexemes have same meaning. This relation is called synonym. But it’s not mean  the synonyms can be used with others synonymous words alternately. For example : habitation has synonym with dwelling, residence, domicile, home. In English, these words will get different accordance. Look in other examples are  below (just focus on bold and italic words) :

·       My old friend has kicked the bucket. (it’s slang word).

·       My friend has die. (it’s mean common, there’s deep meaning).

·       My dear friend has passed away. (plainness, but kind of emotional).

·       My beloved friend has joined the heavenly choir. (full meaning, poetic).

These dictions are influenced by few factors, like : who is the speaker, when is it happened, why is it happened, and  who is the listener.

c.    Antonym

Some of word pairs have contrast meaning. This relation is called antonym, and words that contrast each other are called antonymy.

d.   Homonymy

Some of word are pronounced almost equal, but there’s different meaning. This relation is called homonymy. For example :

·       Some – sum

·       Knew – new

·       Want – one

e.   Idiom

Idiom is group of words that has meaning by itself and it’s different from every word in it. Idiom can’t be translated purely in other languages. Idiom is a case that using of language by origin speaker. We can’t make idiom by ourselves. In English, we know idioms, like : by all means, it goes without saying, to kick the bucket, etc.

f.     Taxonomic Hierarchy

Taxonomic hierarchy aims to Semantic Relation between some of cognate words. It’s mean, meaning of some words are grasped by other words, like : meaning of plant is grasped by tree. Relation between flora, flowers, and orchid are grasped by flowers and meaning of  flowers are grasped by orchid.

g.    Meaning Analysis in Other Components

Meaning of certain words can be analyzed in other components. Meaning of mare is arranged from meaning horse and female, and meaning of doe is arranged from deer  and  female and many are.

References :

Chaedar Alwasilah, A. 2011. Linguistik Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Angkasa.

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