Tika, ibu menjauhinya …

Dia adalah Tika Destia Nindia. Dia dilahirkan di Tulang Bawang, Lampung Utara tanggal 14 Desember 20 tahun yang lalu. Sejak umur 4 tahun dia ditinggal pergi oleh ibunya. setiap hari ia dirawat dan dibesar kan oleh alm. ayah nya. ayah nya hanya lah bekerja sebagai seorang buruh di desa tempat mereka tinggal. Walaupun ayah nya lulusan SPG, ayahnya tak lama berprofesi sebagai guru, karena menjadi pada saat itu harus mengeluarkan uang yang lumayan besar. sejak saat itu ayah nya mengambil keputusan menjadi seorang buruh di sebuah PT sawit di daaerah tempat desa mereka. Ketika Tika berusia 8 tahun, ayah nya sudah mulai sakit parah. itu terjadi karena  beban kerja yg diluar batas kewajaran . hari demi hari sampai 6 bulan ayah nya sakit, ibu nya tidak pernah memberi kabar. hingga suatu hari saat Tika duduk dibangku kelas 1 SD dan sudah kenaikan kelas  Tika diberitahu bahwa ayahnya sudah tiada. waktu itu dia belum mengerti apa itu  KEMATIAN. dia hanya melihat ayahnya dibungkus kain putih dan disebelahnya terdapat neneknya yg menangis dan sampai pingsan . lalu ia ikut menangis dan dibawa kekamar sebelah dan saat itu ia diberi jeruk oleh buleknya, seketika dia menangis yah namanya juga anak kecil dikasih jeruk ya langsung diem.

            Ternyata sebelum ayahnya meninggal beliau sudah menyampaikan wasiat kepada nenenya , jagalah Tika dan jangan diberikan kepada ibunya , jika nenek sudah tidak bisa membiayai pendidikanya lalu hantarkan lah dia . setelah kejadian itu Tika tinggal bersama neneknya yg didesa dan otomatis rumah tempat tinggalnya dulu sudah kosong dan banyak menyimpan kenangan bersama ayahnya.

Neneknya adalah seorang buruh sama seperti ayahnya dulu . sejak tinggal bersama neneknya, ia diajarkan bagaimana mencuci piring, mencuci baju, masak dll . setelah lulus dari SD aku lanjut kejenjang SMP. aku berangkat SMP pada siang hari dan pada pagi harinya aku bekerja membantu nenek mengambil buah kelapa sawit yg sudh gugur ( brondol ). Dia bekerja  dari pukul 8 hingga 12  sebenarnya bukan hal yang wajar seorang  anak SMP membawa beban 1 karung sawit dan dalam sehari bisa puluhan kandi yang dipikulnya , jika musim panen sawit justru bertambah  banyak beban yang dia pikul tetapi semua itu bukan untuk siapa-siapa tetapi untuk dirinya sendiri dan biaya sekolah . karena ibunya tidak peduli dengan padanya.   jangan kan untuk biaya sekolah untuk  makan sehari-hariku bersama neneknya saja tidak diberi .  setelah 3 tahun berlalu tidak terasa dia sudah lulus SMP. Dia punya keinginan untuk melanjutkan SMA tapi dia berfikir, apakah mungkin dia bisa  melanjutkan untuk makan saja pas –pasan , dia terus bekerja dan bekerja sembari ada mukjizat yang datang padanya siapa tau ada orang yang  baik dan mau membiayai pendidikan nya. Tapi ya mustahil. saat temannya memakai seragam putih abu-abu dia lari kekamar dan menangis  tetapi buat apa dia menangis seperti ini , untuk bisa bertahan hidup saja dia sudah bersyukur . terkadang rasa malu itu pasti ada saat dia pulang dari  bekerja dengan pakaian yang kotor sambil membawa ember dan karung  dia berjalan sangat jauh untuk sampai kerumah di tengah jalan dia bertemu dengan temannya yang memakai seragam SMA . malu ya ungkapan itulah yg ada dihatinya tetapi dia tetap tersenyum meskipun temannya sudah mengetahui keadaan dirinya bagaimana . setiap malam yang dia lakukan hanyalah menangis dan menangis hingga suatu ketika saudaranya menelphone ku .

             Beliau mengajak nya untuk kerja yang tak jauh dari rumahnya dan anda tahu pekerjaan apa itu ?? dia bekerja sebagai pembantu rumah tangga . dia berpikir dengan gaji yang lumayan  bisa dia kumpulkan untuk melanjutkan sekolah di tahun berikutnya  dengan berat hati dia meninggalkan neneknya dirumah . tega tidak tega harus dia lakukan demi masa depannya agar bisa sama seperti yg lain . 1 tahun sudah dia bekerja menjadi pembantu rumah tangga. Dia  pun pulang dan memberikan uang untuk nenek nya .  1 minggu kemudian nomor tak dikenal masuk di telepon genggam nya  ketika dia angkat ternyata ibunya . ibunya menawarkan Tika untuk sekolah dibangku SMA  tetapi dengan syarat dia tidak boleh  tinggal bersama keluarga dari ayahnya, tetapi tinggal bersama keluarga ibunya. Awalnya Tika tidak mau karena ia tidak mau meninggalkan neneknya . tetapi keluarga nya memaksa untuk pergi dan  mengejar cita-citanya.

Setelah berada di rumah budenya, dia merasa betah tinggal disana . tetapi lambat laun keluarga budenya berubah, yang  awalnya baik ternyata sekarang tidak lagi , dan dia merasa tertekan selama 3 tahun.  Batin nya merasa tertekan dan  bahkan fisik nya berubah sangat kurus , setelah lulus barulah ibu nya menjemputnya untuk melanjutkan diperguruan tinggi.  saat dia dijemput ibunya berat  rasanya meninggalkan neneknya sendiri  dirumah. tetapi lagi-lagi keadaan yg memaksanya. ia mengira hanya kuliah saja dan dirawat ibunya saja . ternyata ibunya meninggalkannya dan justru malah ia lah yang merawat adik tiri nya. hanya dibesarkan oleh uang ya, kata itu yg sempat muncul dari fikirannya , sebenarnya ia ingin bisa merasakan bagaimana dirawat oleh ibu . tetapi jika ibunya disini siapa yg membiayai nya untuk kuliah . dengan berbekal pengalaman waktu ia kecil dan ajaran yang diberi neneknya alhamdulilah ia masih bertahan sampai saat ini .

Temptation of a Bottle of Mineral Water by dyo on Scribd

Introduction to Literature - Prose

Introduction to Literature by dyo on Scribd

EPIGRAPHY (IS LINKED TO LINGUISTICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY)

APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Well guys, in the last discussion I have explained about Pure Linguistics. But today, i am going to discuss about one of Applied Linguistics’ branches, which it makes me wonder of it. Actually, i am so interested about History Science and Archaeology. And I have talked before in my short profile, haven’t i?. So that’s way, i am going to tell you about a science that linked between Archaeology and Applied Linguistics. That is Epigraphy. Here we go.

EPIGRAPHY

Epigraphy is a science that is also one of branches of Applied Linguistics. Epigraphy discusses about ancient writings on stones or metals, and they are well-known as “inscriptions”. This study consists of forms and kinds of letter, language used in the inscriptions, and content of the inscriptions. Epigraphy intended that the inscriptions can be found in excavation that can be read. An expert of Epigraphy is well-known as “Epigraph”. An Epigraph has to be able to analyze the inscriptions and be able to read ancient written, can be ancient letters, or even ancient languages. The task of an epigraph is not only examines the inscriptions that have not been published, but also re-observe the inscriptions have been published in temporary transcript. Then, the epigraph must translate it into language used this moment, so that other observers, especially historians can use the data contained in the inscriptions. In carrying his duties, epigraphy experts have met many obstacles. According to Indonesian archaeologist who pursue the field of epigraphy is Drs. Hasan Djafar, the first problem is many inscriptions, especially stone inscription, which have been already worn. So, that’s very difficult to read them. Epigraph has to read the parts are worn out many times to obtain a satisfactory reading. By mastering the shape of an ancient letter with all the curves, and constantly comparing the letters were worn out with the letters are still clear, an epigraphy tries to obtain reading as complete. Second problem is, epigraphy is faced with the time to translate the inscriptions. Knowledge of ancient languages in the inscriptions is still not enough to understand the meaning contained in the scripts fully. 

So far, you still confuse why I am talking about Epigraphy. While, my article entitled is “Applied Linguistics”, right?. We have known in the past discussion, Linguistics is a science that discusses about languages. And above, I explained that Epigraphy is a science that discusses about ancient letter and languages. It means, Linguistics is very important to understand ancient languages. In this term, knowledge about rules of sounds’ changes and sounds’ correspondence is helpful to keep track of archaic words that are no longer used today. So, even though an archaeologist can get information from the inscriptions, it cannot be separated by role of linguist (in this term is an epigraph).

The science of epigraphy has been developing steadily since the 16th century. Principles of epigraphy vary culture by culture, and the infant science in European hands concentrated on Latin inscriptions at first. Individual contributions have been made by epigraphers such as Georg Fabricius (1516–1571); August Wilhelm Zumpt (1815–1877); Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903); Emil Hübner (1834–1901); Franz Cumont (1868–1947); Louis Robert (1904–1985).

The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, begun by Mommsen and other scholars, has been published in Berlin since 1863, with wartime interruptions. It is the largest and most extensive collection of Latin inscriptions. New fascicles are still produced as the recovery of inscriptions continues. The Corpus is arranged geographically: all inscriptions from Rome are contained in volume 6. This volume has the greatest number of inscriptions; volume 6, part 8, fascicle 3 was just recently published (2000). Specialists depend on such on-going series of volumes in which newly discovered inscriptions are published, often in Latin, not unlike the biologists' Zoological Record— the raw material of history.

Greek epigraphy has unfolded in the hands of a different team, with different corpora. There are two. The first is Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum of which four volumes came out, again at Berlin, 1825-1877. This marked a first attempt at a comprehensive publication of Greek inscriptions copied from all over the Greek-speaking world. Only advanced students still consult it, for better editions of the texts have superseded it. The second, modern corpus is Inscriptiones Graecae arranged geographically under categories: decrees, catalogues, honorary titles, funeral inscriptions, various., all presented in Latin, to preserve the international neutrality of the field of classics.

Other such series include the Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum (Etruscan inscriptions), Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae (Crusaders' inscriptions), Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum, (Celtic inscriptions), Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum (Iranian inscriptions), "Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia" and "Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period"(Sumerian and Akkadian inscriptions) and so forth.

Egyptian hieroglyphs were solved using the Rosetta Stone, which was a multilingual stele in Classical Greek, Demotic Egyptian and Classical Egyptian hieroglyphs. The work was done by the French scholar, Jean-François Champollion, and the British scientist Thomas Young.

The interpretation of Maya hieroglyphs was lost as a result of the Spanish Conquest of Central America. However, recent work by Maya epigraphers and linguists has yielded a considerable amount of information on this complex writing system

Form

 

Materials and technique

Materials

inscriptions were commonly incised on stone or marble, on metal, or on wood (though this last material has hardly ever survived, except in Egypt), or on terracotta. In Egypt and Mesopotamia hard stones were frequently used for the purpose, and the inscriptions are therefore well preserved and easy to read. In Greece the favourite material, especially in Athens, was white marble, which takes an admirably clear lettering, but is liable to weathering of the surface if exposed, and to wear if rebuilt into pavements or similar structures. Many other kinds of stone, both hard and soft, were often used, especially crystalline limestones, which do not easily take a smooth surface, and which, therefore, are often difficult to decipher, owing to accidental marks or roughness of the material.

 

The metal most commonly used for inscriptions was bronze: flat tablets of this were often made for affixing to the walls of temples and other buildings. Occasionally such tablets were made of silver or gold; and inscriptions were often incised on vessels made of any of these metals. Inscriptions on metal were nearly always incised, not cast. An important class of inscriptions are the legends on coins; these were struck from the die. (cf. numismatics.) Clay was very extensively used for inscriptions in Mesopotamia and in Crete. In this case the symbols were incised or impressed on specially prepared tablets when the clay was soft, and it was subsequently hardened by fire. In Greece, many inscriptions on vases were painted before firing, in that case often having reference to the scenes represented, or incised after firing; potsherds (ostraka) were often used as a cheap writing material. Inscriptions were also often impressed from a mould upon wet clay before firing, in the case of tiles, amphora handles, etc., and in these cases often supply valuable information as to the buildings to which they belong or the place from which they took their origin

 

 

Styles of cutting

Early inscriptions, which are often amateur work, are frequently very irregular in their cutting. But in almost all examples of later work, the inscriptions are evidently cut by professionals, and there are definite styles and methods belonging to various places and periods. In Egypt, for instance, the hieroglyphs are carefully and delicately cut in early times, and in later periods become more careless and conventional. In Greece, the best work was done in the 5th and 4th centuries BC in Athens; the letters were all exact and regular in shape, with no adventitious ornaments, and were, especially in the 5th century, usually exactly aligned with the letters above and below, as well as those on each side. At that time all the strokes were made of equal thickness, but in the 4th century BC and later there came in the custom of holding the chisel obliquely to the surface, thus producing a wedge-shaped stroke. A similar custom in Mesopotamia gave rise to the so-called cuneiform system. On metal inscriptions in Greece this same effect appears earlier than stone or marble. In the 3rd century and later it becomes common to introduce apices or ornamental ends to the strokes, a custom which prevails to the present day in our ordinary capital letters. The custom of making different strokes and different parts of curves of varying thickness became common in Roman inscriptions, which developed a monumental style of their own, varying from period to period. Inscriptions can often be approximately dated by the style of the cutting as well as by the shapes of the letters; skill in doing this can only be acquired by a careful and minute study of originals and facsimiles. (cf. dating methodologies in archaeology.)

Inscriptions vary greatly in size according to the position where they were intended to be read, their purpose, and the skill of the cutter. Some inscriptions are of great length, the longest, a statement of accounts of the temple at Delos, under Athenian administration, being nearly half as long as a book of Thucydides; and many other inscriptions approach this in length.

 

 

Symbols and forms of writing

Most of the forms of writing known to us originated in some system of picture-writing (cf. also pictography, which developed into a hieroglyphic system. Such systems appear to have originated independently in different parts of the world — in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, among the Hittites and in China and America. The evidence for all of these is mainly to be found in inscriptions. The development from Ideographs (or direct representation of an object or idea) to symbols of phonetic value, and so to syllabaries or alphabets, took place in many different systems to various degrees. But the first people to invent a completely alphabetic system of writing were the Phoenicians, from whom the Greeks borrowed (some scholars believe, but with no proving) it with certain modifications and improvements. From the Greeks was derived the Latin, and from the two all the alphabets of European peoples. It is still a matter of dispute whether the Phoenician was derived from the Egyptian.

 

Position or place

The position or place of inscriptions depends greatly upon their purpose or intention. When they have a direct relation to the sculptures, reliefs or paintings with which they are associated, they often form a kind of pattern to fill the background or vacant spaces between the figures; but sometimes, especially in Mesopotamian statues or reliefs, they are cut right across the figures without any regard to the artistic effect. In late Greek or Roman work it is usual to cut any inscription relative to a statue or relief upon the basis on which this is mounted; but short inscriptions such as dedications or artists' signatures are often placed in some inconspicuous position upon the work itself. In the case of painted vases, the inscriptions relative to the subject represented are usually painted; but dedications and other inscriptions are often incised after the vase has been fired.

In Egypt, inscriptions were often inscribed or painted upon inner walls of tombs, whether they referred to religious belief or ritual, or to the honours and possessions of the deceased; they were intended for his benefit and convenience rather than for the information of others, so as to perpetuate his familiar surroundings, not to make him live in the memory of his successors. The information which we derive from such inscriptions is invaluable to us; but such was not the intention with which they were made. On the other hand, inscriptions which were intended to be seen by the public and to perpetuate a record of events, or to supply useful information, were usually placed in places of common resort, above all in temples and sacred precincts. Sometimes they were cut on convenient rock faces, sometimes upon the walls of temples or other buildings. Most frequently the slabs of marble (stelae), stone metal or other material upon which the inscriptions were incised were set up in convenient positions to be read, in any places of public resort. This was the method of publication of all laws, decrees and official notices, of treaties and contracts, of honours to officials or private citizens, of religious dedications and prescriptions of ritual. Inscribed tombstones were set up over graves, which were usually placed along the chief roads leading out of a town, the most familiar example being the sacred way from Athens to Eleusis. Inscriptions commemorative of victories or other great events were only in exceptional cases erected upon the spot; more often such memorials were set up in some great religious centre such as Delphi or Olympia. But boundary stones were necessarily placed on the line which they defined.

There are many epigraphs on the world. such as : Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Rafles. but i also find another expert of epigraphy. he is Ramaschandran Nagaswamy.

He (born 10 August 1930) is an Indian historian, archaeologist and epigraphist who is known for his work on temple inscriptions and art history of Tamil Nadu. He served as the founder-Director of the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department. He was also instrumental in starting the annual Chidambaram Natyanjali festival in 1980.

this is link of about him. http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/tranquebar-initiativet/projektdeltagere/nagaswamy-r/